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The New Foundations of Evolution: On the Tree of Life This is the story of a profound revolution in the way biologists explore life's history, understand its evolutionary processes, and reveal its diversity. It is about life's smallest entities, deepest diversity, and greatest cellular biomass: the microbiosphere. Jan Sapp introduces us to a new field of evolutionary biology and a new brand of molecular evolutionists who descend to the foundations of evolution on Earth to explore the origins of the genetic system and the primary life forms from which all others have emerged. In so doing, he examines-from Lamarck to the present-the means of pursuing the evolution of complexity, and of depicting the greatest differences among organisms. The New Foundations of Evolution takes us into a world that classical evolutionists could never have imagined: a deep phylogeny based on three domains of life and multiple kingdoms, and created by mechanisms very unlike those considered by Darwin and his followers. Evolution by leaps seems to occur regularly in the microbial world where molecular evolutionists have shown the inheritance of acquired genes and genomes are major modes of evolutionary innovation. Revisiting the history of microbiology for the first time from the perspective of evolutionary biology, Sapp shows why classical Darwinian conceptions centering on questions of the origin of species were forged without a microbial foundation, why classical microbiologists considered it impossible to know the course of evolution, and classical molecular biologists considered the evolution of the molecular genetic system to be beyond understanding. In telling this stirring story of scientific iconoclasm, this book elucidates how the new evolutionary biology arose, what methods and assumptions underpin it, and the fiery controversies that continue to shape biologists' understanding of the foundations of evolution today. (6) They Moved Sankaty Lighthouse moving sankaty 62 inches every 10 minutes FIRST PUSH SET FOR MONDAY by Peter B. Brace Photos by Rob Benchley No ribbons will be cut, no longwinded pontifications will be uttered and no mass release of balloons is planned for the first day of moving Sankaty Head Lighthouse 390 feet. Sometime during the afternoon of Oct. 1, at the urging of a hydraulic horizontal jacking system capable of pushing the lighthouse 62 inches per stroke, rows of pistons working in concert will grunt to life with the flick of several levers by Expert House Movers President Jerri Matyiko. Matyiko and his crew are ahead of schedule and plan to take a few days off this week before returning to the island for final moving preparations, 'Sconset Trust President Bob Felch said yesterday. After lifting the lighthouse nearly three feet out of the ground on Sept. 18 and 19, and fully expecting at least five feet of the original brick foundation to separate from the lighthouse - so much so that its new foundation makes up the anticipated difference - Expert House Movers had to jackhammer off an additional 18 inches of brick foundation while the lighthouse was jacked up on steel support beams this week. Felch said the plan is to build two-and-a-half feet of new brick pedestal off the new foundation to join with the lighthouse. After adjustments over the weekend, the lighthouse is now ready to be pushed down the roller beams. "The bottom set of beams known as rocker beams were put in place on Saturday," said Felch. "The move is still set for next week starting on Oct. 1. The only possible delay of 24 hours might occur because of work needed for preparing the move path." The rocker beams are part of the beam system that allows the lighthouse to move level along the ground before it eventually drops a total of seven feet onto its new foundation. Watching all of the action will be tough for the public unless you happen to be part of the crew, but Felch said getting closer is a possibility for anyone who wants to volunteer to manage crowds on the periphery of the project area. The 'Sconset Trust is still looking for volunteers to work with the Nantucket Police Department and the Department of Public Works to keep pedestrian and vehicular traffic flowing. The volunteers will work two-hour shifts between 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Oct. 1 through Oct. 8. Volunteers will be trained to answer questions about the move and about the history of the lighthouse. Workers from Expert House Movers chip away at bricks underneath the suspended lighthouse last Thursday; the cobblestones in the slightly skewed photo make up the actual foundation of the 157-year-old structure. When it was lifted last week, the entire building came off the ground intact. On Monday, most of all the steel work was finished. The yellow beam is called the "strong back" and ties in with six cross beams below, which in turn are connected to the two green "main beams""which house the sixteen 60-ton hydraulic jacks. Monday it will all move as one. The Trust will also have several police patrols managing the flow of traffic around the move site on Polpis Road and Baxter Road, and all motorized traffic on Baxter Road traveling north of Bayberry Lane will be halted from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. during the week. Although there are legions of lighthouse buffs and aficionados across the country, Felch could not put a number as to how many onlookers to expect. "We have no idea," he said. "We do think a lot of people will turn out. We don't know if they will turn out on a daily basis or if one visit will suffice." The 'Sconset Trust is cordoning off the southern section of the meadow between the northern end of Baxter Road and the edge of the bluff as a public viewing area. Chain-link fence will keep viewers away from the edge of the bluff and contained away from the actual job site. Felch said the entire move will be seen easily from this area. I ABOUT SANKATY • Sankaty: Spelled Sankoty by Native American Nantucketers and means "highland" • 1843: The year Engineer I.W.P. Lewis identified the need for a lighthouse at Sankaty Head • $250: Amount the U.S. Government paid George Myrick for Sankaty's 10 acres in 1848 • Lighthouse builder: Engineer Benjamin F. ROB BENCHLEY/The Independent This aerial photo taken in September shows Sankay Lighthouse and the concrete pad to which it will be moved 390 feet to its northwest. Isherwood • Building cost in 1850: $10,330 • Number of steps inside: 62 • 1888: Year that the lighthouse tower was raised 10 feet and a new lantern installed • Charles Wood Vanderhoop: AWampanoag Indian who took the keeper job in 1919 • 1933: The year the light was electrified • 1965: Lighthouse is automated • 390 feet: Distance to the northwest Sankaty is being moved • 130 feet: Incremental distant Expert House Movers can move Sankaty before laying down another section They Moved Sankaty Lighthouse moving sankaty 62 inches every 10 minutes FIRST PUSH SET FOR MONDAY by Peter B. Brace Photos by Rob Benchley No ribbons will be cut, no longwinded pontifications will be uttered and no mass release of balloons is planned for the first day of moving Sankaty Head Lighthouse 390 feet. Sometime during the afternoon of Oct. 1, at the urging of a hydraulic horizontal jacking system capable of pushing the lighthouse 62 inches per stroke, rows of pistons working in concert will grunt to life with the flick of several levers by Expert House Movers President Jerri Matyiko. Matyiko and his crew are ahead of schedule and plan to take a few days off this week before returning to the island for final moving preparations, 'Sconset Trust President Bob Felch said yesterday. After lifting the lighthouse nearly three feet out of the ground on Sept. 18 and 19, and fully expecting at least five feet of the original brick foundation to separate from the lighthouse - so much so that its new foundation makes up the anticipated difference - Expert House Movers had to jackhammer off an additional 18 inches of brick foundation while the lighthouse was jacked up on steel support beams this week. Felch said the plan is to build two-and-a-half feet of new brick pedestal off the new foundation to join with the lighthouse. After adjustments over the weekend, the lighthouse is now ready to be pushed down the roller beams. "The bottom set of beams known as rocker beams were put in place on Saturday," said Felch. "The move is still set for next week starting on Oct. 1. The only possible delay of 24 hours might occur because of work needed for preparing the move path." The rocker beams are part of the beam system that allows the lighthouse to move level along the ground before it eventually drops a total of seven feet onto its new foundation. Watching all of the action will be tough for the public unless you happen to be part of the crew, but Felch said getting closer is a possibility for anyone who wants to volunteer to manage crowds on the periphery of the project area. The 'Sconset Trust is still looking for volunteers to work with the Nantucket Police Department and the Department of Public Works to keep pedestrian and vehicular traffic flowing. The volunteers will work two-hour shifts between 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Oct. 1 through Oct. 8. Volunteers will be trained to answer questions about the move and about the history of the lighthouse. Workers from Expert House Movers chip away at bricks underneath the suspended lighthouse last Thursday; the cobblestones in the slightly skewed photo make up the actual foundation of the 157-year-old structure. When it was lifted last week, the entire building came off the ground intact. On Monday, most of all the steel work was finished. The yellow beam is called the "strong back" and ties in with six cross beams below, which in turn are connected to the two green "main beams""which house the sixteen 60-ton hydraulic jacks. Monday it will all move as one. The Trust will also have several police patrols managing the flow of traffic around the move site on Polpis Road and Baxter Road, and all motorized traffic on Baxter Road traveling north of Bayberry Lane will be halted from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. during the week. Although there are legions of lighthouse buffs and aficionados across the country, Felch could not put a number as to how many onlookers to expect. "We have no idea," he said. "We do think a lot of people will turn out. We don't know if they will turn out on a daily basis or if one visit will suffice." The 'Sconset Trust is cordoning off the southern section of the meadow between the northern end of Baxter Road and the edge of the bluff as a public viewing area. Chain-link fence will keep viewers away from the edge of the bluff and contained away from the actual job site. Felch said the entire move will be seen easily from this area. I ABOUT SANKATY • Sankaty: Spelled Sankoty by Native American Nantucketers and means "highland" • 1843: The year Engineer I.W.P. Lewis identified the need for a lighthouse at Sankaty Head • $250: Amount the U.S. Government paid George Myrick for Sankaty's 10 acres in 1848 • Lighthouse builder: Engineer Benjamin F. ROB BENCHLEY/The Independent This aerial photo taken in September shows Sankay Lighthouse and the concrete pad to which it will be moved 390 feet to its northwest. Isherwood • Building cost in 1850: $10,330 • Number of steps inside: 62 • 1888: Year that the lighthouse tower was raised 10 feet and a new lantern installed • Charles Wood Vanderhoop: AWampanoag Indian who took the keeper job in 1919 • 1933: The year the light was electrified • 1965: Lighthouse is automated • 390 feet: Distance to the northwest Sankaty is being moved • 130 feet: Incremental distant Expert House Movers can move Sankaty before laying down another section See also: bath and body works makeup makeup artist rates icarly make up games make up for a wedding rock makeup tips lip makeup all make up games for girls best makeup for blue eyes |